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Writing Problem Statements

Once we've provided an overview of what we're proposing to do with our research paper, we'll have to drive home the project's urgency. We do this by developing our problem statement a bit more fully, so that the reader can't help but feel that this project must be supported for the betterment of the scholarly community.

If you are researching AEVs as transportation for drinking water in North-West Africa, for instance, you will need sources to prove that a water shortage exists in that region. This could be a good place for popular sources like news stories and documentaries - those sources are designed to identify current events and public opinions, which may support the need for your project. Then, you will explain how your research could help alleviate the water crisis in this region.

You'll usually conclude this section with a statement that begins with “The purpose of this study is…” and then describe the research question that you are trying to answer, and how that answer could benefit people affected by it.

Expert testimony—or evidence sourced from credible researchers—can help you demonstrate to your reader that this is a topic that the research community is actively interested in. Be careful here! It won't be enough to tell me that your reader agrees with you ("X says that the supernatural in gothic literature is connected to cultural anxieties about disease and death"). Instead, tell me what specific contribution that source has made to the conversation ("X says that the supernatural in gothic literature is connected to cultural anxieties about disease and death because the literature was written and read in environments that were highly toxic, which often led to illness, hallucinations, and paranoid delusions").

In order to really prove that this is a problem worth solving, though, nothing beats a concrete example. Human memory is designed to remember concrete information better than abstract information. Rather than discussing your topic and its potential consequences in the abstract, give your reader a real-world example of those consequences (positive or negative). For example: 

Take “scarcity” as an example of an abstract idea. Scarcity can be explained as follows: the rarer something is, the higher its value will be. But this description contains a lot of vague terms, such as “rarer” and “value”. How can we make this idea more concrete? We could use a specific example to illustrate the idea.

Think about an airline company. If you were to try and book a flight four months in advance, the ticket prices would probably be pretty reasonable. But as it gets closer to the date of travel, there will be fewer seats left on the plane (the seats are more rare). This scarcity drives up the cost (value) of the tickets. This is a concrete example of scarcity, which is an abstract idea.

You'll conclude this portion of your proposal with a statement of purpose. Most purpose statements begin with "The purpose of this study is..." The purpose statement is a line or two that describes exactly what your literature review can contribute to the conversation. Once again, make sure you're not making any promises you can't fulfill - we won't be fundamentally changing the world with this project. Also, remember your reader— professionals in your field who are probably about to begin their own research projects. What can your literature review do for them?

Ready to write the paper?

Follow the links below for in-depth tutorials on each section of the literature review!

Literature Reviews

Explore the purpose, structure, and key features of a literature review and learn how it contributes to scholarly research.

Introductions

Learn how to establish the topic, context, scope, and purpose of the review.

Research Design & Methods

Learn to explain how sources were located, selected, evaluated, or analyzed when the type of literature review calls for a systematic approach.

Synthesis

Bring sources into conversation by identifying patterns, relationships, disagreements, developments, and gaps across the literature.

Discussion Sections

Interpret what the literature collectively shows and explain the significance, limitations, or implications of those findings.

Abstracts

Give readers a concise overview of the review's purpose, approach, major findings, and significance.